Crystal growth, optical spectroscopy, and continuous-wave laser operation of co-doped (Ho,Tm):KLu(WO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> monoclinic crystals

Venkatesan Jambunathan; Andreas Schmidt; Xavier Mateos; Maria Cinta Pujol; Uwe Griebner; Valentin Petrov; Carlos Zaldo; Magdalena Aguiló; Francesc Díaz

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.31.001415

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 31,
Issue 7,
pp. 1415-1421
(2014)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.31.001415

Crystal growth, optical spectroscopy, and continuous-wave laser operation of co-doped (Ho,Tm):KLu(WO₄)₂ monoclinic crystals

Venkatesan Jambunathan, Andreas Schmidt, Xavier Mateos, Maria Cinta Pujol, Uwe Griebner, Valentin Petrov, Carlos Zaldo, Magdalena Aguiló, and Francesc Díaz

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Venkatesan Jambunathan, Andreas Schmidt, Xavier Mateos, Maria Cinta Pujol, Uwe Griebner, Valentin Petrov, Carlos Zaldo, Magdalena Aguiló, and Francesc Díaz, "Crystal growth, optical spectroscopy, and continuous-wave laser operation of co-doped (Ho,Tm):KLu(WO₄)₂ monoclinic crystals," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31, 1415-1421 (2014)

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Abstract

We report on the crystal growth, optical spectroscopy, and room-temperature continuous-wave laser generation around 2 μm with co-doped $(Ho, Tm) : KLu ({WO}_{4})_{2}$ monoclinic crystals. Co-doped crystals at different doping levels were grown by the top-seeded solution growth slow-cooling method. We characterized the spectroscopy of Ho and Tm ions in KLuW in terms of polarized optical absorption, photoluminescence, and lifetime measurements. Continuous-wave laser operation at room-temperature at a wavelength of 2.06 μm was achieved with several crystals at different co-doping levels, establishing that the optimum doping ratio is $5.29 \times 10^{19} at. / {cm}^{3}$ for Ho and $3.10 \times 10^{20} at. / {cm}^{3}$ for Tm (0.5 at. %Ho, 5.0 at. %Tm:KLuW), reaching a maximum output power of 145 mW and a slope efficiency of 12.9%.

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	Solution Composition [at. %]		Crystal Composition $[\times 10^{20} {cm}^{- 3}]$						Dimension along Crystal Axes [mm]
Sample Number	Ho	Tm	Ho	Tm	Formula	Cooling Interval [K]	Crystal Weight [g]	Growth Rate $[10^{- 4} g / h]$	$c$	$a *$	$b$	Saturation Temperature [K]
1	0.5	2.5	0.553	2.057	${KLu}_{0.960} {Ho}_{0.008} {Tm}_{0.032} W$	11.7	3.2	273	11.0	11.3	8.9	1164.8
2	0.5	5.0	0.529	3.101	${KLu}_{0.944} {Ho}_{0.008} {Tm}_{0.048} W$	21.2	6.5	311	15.2	15.6	9.9	1155.9
3	1.5	5.0	1.377	3.151	${KLu}_{0.931} {Ho}_{0.021} {Tm}_{0.048} W$	21.0	6.5	310	17.0	12.9	8.2	1157.0
4	2.5	5.0	2.181	3.060	${KLu}_{0.920} {Ho}_{0.033} {Tm}_{0.047} W$	20.0	7.3	363	15.7	14.3	10.6	1152.8
5	2.5	7.5	1.901	5.283	${KLu}_{0.890} {Ho}_{0.029} {Tm}_{0.081} W$	20.0	8.2	408	20.9	13.0	7.6	1161.6
6	2.5	10.0	1.847	6.889	${KLu}_{0.866} {Ho}_{0.028} {Tm}_{0.106} W$	20.0	6.7	336	19.9	12.3	7.3	1163.6

${{}^{2 S + 1}L}_{J}$	Energy of Stark Levels ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ ) of ${Ho}^{3 +}$
${{}^{5}I}_{8}$	0, 4, 6, 11, 21, 32, 43, 62, 106, 118, 144, 183, 209, 250, 292
${{}^{5}I}_{7}$	5100, 5101, 5107, 5109, 5147, 5184, 5199, 5208, 5211, 5214, 5219, 5230, 5233, 5253,5288
${{}^{5}I}_{6}$	8607, 8618, 8624, 8651, 8663, 8680, 8687, 8690, 8699, 8726, 8728, 8766, 8778
${{}^{5}I}_{5}$	11173, 11180, 11193, 11196, 11225, 11238, 11259, 11272, 11317, 11319, 11321
${{}^{5}I}_{4}$	13185, 13191, 13254, 13305, 13314, 13319, 13394, 13407
${{}^{5}F}_{5}$	15349, 15364, 15367, 15400, 15403, 15430, 15442, 15456, 15552, 15556
${{}^{5}S}_{2}$	18360, 18364, 18381, 18390,18393
${{}^{5}F}_{4}$	18442, 18446, 18474, 18488, 18503, 18518, 18528, 18541, 18572
${{}^{5}F}_{3}$	20471, 20495, 20520, 20593, 20595, 20620, 20631
${{}^{5}F}_{2}$	21004, 21028, 21040, 21079, 21083
${}^{2 S + 1}{L_{J}}$	Energy of Stark Levels ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ ) of ${Tm}^{3 +}$
${{}^{3}H}_{6}$	0, 135, 155, 224, 247, 256, 279, 329, 346, 359, 513, 522, 530
${{}^{3}F}_{4}$	5663, 5711, 5724, 5768, 5876, 5963, 5976, 5981, 6002
${{}^{3}H}_{5}$	8231, 8369, 8379, 8389, 8441, 8452, 8481, 8500, 8599, 8612, 8654
${{}^{3}H}_{4}$	12603, 12606, 12717, 12729, 12744, 12790, 12801, 12883, 12906
${{}^{3}F}_{3}$	14493, 14511, 14529, 14561, 14564, 14617, 14625
${{}^{3}F}_{2}$	15078, 15081, 15103, 15123
${}^{I}{G_{4}}$	21092, 21121, 21128, 21233, 21353, 21361, 21535, 21581, 21613

Sample Number	Ho/Tm Relative Emission	Energy Transfer Efficiency (%)	$τ^{- 5} S_{2}$ (ms)	$τ^{- 5} I_{7}$ (ms)
1	0.72	36.4	0.0040	3.7–4.1
2	0.47	32.8	0.0040	3.8–4.0
3	1.17	48.1	0.0038	5.3–5.6
4	1.57	60.2	0.0039	5.1–5.6
5	1.31	43.3	0.0034	4.1–4.3
6	1.23	36.3	0.0031	3.0–3.3

		Output Power [mW]		Slope Efficiency [%]		Threshold [mW]
Sample Number	$T_{oc}$ %	Quasi- CW	CW	Quasi- CW	CW	Quasi- CW	CW	$λ_{laser}$ [nm]
1	1.5	92	70	10.7	8.7	82	77	2061
	3.0	104	83	12.6	10.8	88	83
	5.0	93	62	12.3	7.9	97	90
	9.0	65	50	9.6	8.0	154	149
2	1.5	168	123	13.7	10.8	91	106	2061
	3.0	164	145	14.4	12.9	92	97
	5.0	162	132	14.2	12.5	97	97
	9.0	118	108	11.5	10.9	134	135
3	1.5	140	88	11.8	8.3	152	171	2061
	3.0	151	96	15.5	10.7	164	177
	5.0	182	93	15.3	9.3	208	260
	9.0	140	70	14.5	7.9	232	269
4	1.5	53	—	5.3	—	282	—	2061

	Solution Composition [at. %]		Crystal Composition $[\times 10^{20} {cm}^{- 3}]$						Dimension along Crystal Axes [mm]
Sample Number	Ho	Tm	Ho	Tm	Formula	Cooling Interval [K]	Crystal Weight [g]	Growth Rate $[10^{- 4} g / h]$	$c$	$a *$	$b$	Saturation Temperature [K]
1	0.5	2.5	0.553	2.057	${KLu}_{0.960} {Ho}_{0.008} {Tm}_{0.032} W$	11.7	3.2	273	11.0	11.3	8.9	1164.8
2	0.5	5.0	0.529	3.101	${KLu}_{0.944} {Ho}_{0.008} {Tm}_{0.048} W$	21.2	6.5	311	15.2	15.6	9.9	1155.9
3	1.5	5.0	1.377	3.151	${KLu}_{0.931} {Ho}_{0.021} {Tm}_{0.048} W$	21.0	6.5	310	17.0	12.9	8.2	1157.0
4	2.5	5.0	2.181	3.060	${KLu}_{0.920} {Ho}_{0.033} {Tm}_{0.047} W$	20.0	7.3	363	15.7	14.3	10.6	1152.8
5	2.5	7.5	1.901	5.283	${KLu}_{0.890} {Ho}_{0.029} {Tm}_{0.081} W$	20.0	8.2	408	20.9	13.0	7.6	1161.6
6	2.5	10.0	1.847	6.889	${KLu}_{0.866} {Ho}_{0.028} {Tm}_{0.106} W$	20.0	6.7	336	19.9	12.3	7.3	1163.6

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B