Abstract

Surface structure and relaxation phenomena have been investigated for thermally poled $20{\mathrm{WO}}_3·80{\mathrm{TeO}}_2$ glass, which is known to show a large second-order nonlinear susceptibility. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the penetration of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ into the anode-side surface of $20{\mathrm{WO}}_3·80{\mathrm{TeO}}_2$ glass occurred during poling, since the poling was performed with the $20{\mathrm{WO}}_3·80{\mathrm{TeO}}_2$ glass sandwiched in between two commercial borosilicate glasses containing ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}.$ The agreement between dependence of second-harmonic intensity on etched thickness at anode-side surface and the concentration profile of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ suggests that the penetration of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ predominantly contributes to the second-harmonic generation. The decay of second-harmonic intensity at room temperature is describable in terms of the single exponential function except for the glass poled at higher temperature, for which the stretched exponential function is applicable. The activation energy for the decay of second-harmonic intensity of the glass poled at 260 °C is 47 $\mathrm{kJ}·{\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}.$ This value presumably corresponds to the diffusion of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ions.

© 2002 Optical Society of America

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